In the previous chapter, we defined the algorithm that determines the issue amount and distribution method when issuing new Astar Network tokens. The Astar Network is structured that the new token issuance fee is shared with dApps Rewards and a reward for securing the chain. The consensus algorithm of the Astar Network is expected to be NPoS. Thereby, there are two types of Staking actions: Staking (NPoS) for Validator and Staking (dApps Rewards) for smart contracts. Both rewards from each staking are equally proportional to the amount of staking. Users who stake on validators / smart contracts are collectively called nominators. The ideal ratio of Staking for validators and Staking for smart contracts is: